How Evil Has Evolved from the Early Witch Craze to Contemporary Ideas Essay

How Evil Has Evolved from the Early Witch Craze to Contemporary Ideas on Evil - Essay Example Precisely where did Satan advance? The principal appearance of Satan or the idea of Satan started following the Babylonian bondage of Judah in the fourth and fifth hundreds of years. â€Å"Shatan† got known as the malevolent one to the Persians, as they got dreadful of the Israelites. The Israelite confidence adjusted to the figure God, and he turned into the maker of good and Satan turned into the shrewd one. In antiquated occasions great and insidiousness agnostics were framed as early societies changed from trackers of food to progressive cultivating social orders. Divine beings and Goddesses of the Harvest were framed, as a method of offering gratitude to what in particular was reaped. Eastern and Western Europe were the first to see otherworldly practices and black magic through all societies not long after. Nonetheless, black magic, was not given the name black magic until the thirteenth century when the Anglo-Saxons framed covens. Dracula likewise has a background marke d by being one from the clouded side. Unaware of some in our general public, the name Dracula developed from a Vlad Dracul who really lived in Romania in the fourteenth century. Vlad Tepes was conceived on December 1431 in Sighisoara, Romania and his dad was the legislative head of Transylvania. He was enlisted into the Order of Dragon, which was a military/strict society, one year prior. The essential objective of the general public was a campaign for good, and war against the Turks. The Boyars of Romania felt that the Order of Dragon was abhorrent, and related it with the Devil They named Vlad’s father â€Å"Dracul†, which in Romanian methods Devil. In this way, Dracula developed from the name, which implies â€Å"the child of the devil.† The fifteenth century achieved the Witch Trials, which started in 1490, and these occasions have been called â€Å"the consuming times.† England set up the first and second Witchcraft Act, which made it unlawful to com pose covens in the sixteenth century. From this time forward, the covens had to go underground and gotten mystery. Another and stricter law was passed in the mid sixteenth century and had the option to remain set up until the mid seventeenth century; in any case, panic broke out in England, and deceived to the American settlements. The Salem Witch Trails started in Massachusetts during the late 1600s. Underhanded at its most noteworthy point extended to incorporate hangings, suffocating and burnings at the stake. By the eighteenth century, England increased some strength, and the sixteenth century Witchcraft Act was canceled by King George II. By the nineteenth century, a portion of the mystery covens started venturing into the open eye, and numerous books and distributions regarding the matter were written in England. By the twentieth Century the last Witchcraft Act of England was transformed, and the Craft was not, at this point unlawful by 1951. Wicca was shaped in 1951, which jo ins convictions from old stories and folklore and was viewed as a woman’s religion. In the 21st century or the â€Å"New Age,† local American convictions become well known through TV and motion pictures. This carries agnostic convictions to the surface as a worthy and open religion. In 2007 the Veterans Administration endorses the Pentagram’s use as an image worthy on gravestones in military burial grounds. From old occasions to our advanced present occasions, great and malevolence have consistently been a piece of our lives. In the event that there is a decent, at that point everything considered there must be a malevolence; is this valid? There are normal fiendishness events in our general public, floods and tremors, being struck by lightning and terminal diseases. These all bring decimation, demise and sadness. Yet, there is additionally humanistic malice, which most clinician would call irregular human attributes. This is an issue of good underhanded and how our general public perspectives great and malice. As the timetable shows we have definitely loosened up our qualities to permit abhorrent an agreeable spot in our general public. It is not necessarily the case that great is better or wickedness is

Interpreting the OT Prophets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deciphering the OT Prophets - Research Paper Example Prophetic understanding is a commonsense issue. In this manner, the translations of the substance must be in accordance with the utilization of explicit knowledge that is available to the general public all together for the message to be convincible. This translation motivates the confidence that is slanted to God and not to the prophet himself. Prophetic translation includes basing individual contentions, individual lessons and understandings on what the sacred writing says. The platitudes of the sacred writing must be in accordance with what individuals can see without anyone else in interpretation to ordinarily accessible things. It is basic to inspect the punctuation, words and stream of sections. Prediction underpins more key objectives as opposed to being an end in itself. The reason for forecast must be in-accordance with God’s target of managing humankind. God’s reason for existing is to accommodate us with him by furnishing us with salvation through Christ Jesus. This must be the best goal of prediction. It must educate us on the correct divert to follow in getting the salvation in confidence. With regards to Jeremiah section 2 refrains 14 to 28; the prophet that the main explanation that will make Israel fall a prey to its adversaries will be because of disloyalty to her perfect companion. This section depends on prophetic connection among God and his kin. God relates with his kin in a manner that is spoken to in the book of scriptures as marriage relationship. God being the head and spouse while the individuals being the congregation spoken to as the lady. Along these lines, this section alludes to unfaithfulness to light up the understanding that an inappropriate demonstrations of Israelites will be like betrayal which thus has a law that acknowledges for separate. 2 This message is effortlessly comprehended and recalled by the Israelites since it utilizes the training part of marriage. The marriage practice and its outcomes both positive and negative are normal and

Monkeywrenching Or Ecological Sabotage Philosophy Essay

Monkeywrenching Or Ecological Sabotage Philosophy Essay Morals is a lot of good standards which concern the good and bad doings wherein those qualities. There are two methodologies in morals: Descriptive and Normative methodologies. Enlightening methodology is the way toward distinguishing and examining existing qualities or standards. It plans to depict and clarify what perspectives individuals have, to make a typical and satisfactory conduct. The other methodology (standardizing) are gotten from sets of solutions and the procedure. It setting standard of rules to deliver standard conduct. there are three hypotheses in regularizing approach: Consequantialism, Deontology, and Virtue (Jamieson 2008). Consequentialism is the view that an operator is ethically required to play out the demonstration with the best results. Most consequentialists are utilitarians. They center around government assistance and demand that the best outcomes are those containing most extreme government assistance. Deontology is the view that particular sorts of act are ethically illegal in any event, when the presentation of those demonstrations would realize the best results. On a fundamental level, deontologists can differ about whether the deontic rules work as supreme disallowances or are fairly more vulnerable and can be broken if enough is in question. They can contend the sorts of activity that are ethically taboo. A biocentric deontologist may guarantee that we are ethically taboo from murdering living life forms purposefully (Jamieson 2008). Excellence hypothesis the spotlight isn't such a great amount on what sorts of act are correct, yet what an ethical individual would do. Goodness ethicist may guarantee that the ethical assessment of something like deforestation can't be founded only on thought of what outcomes that would have, or on the inquiry whether there is a limitation on acts which lead to deforestation. Rather we should take a gander at the character of the individual who plays out the demonstration (Jamieson 2008). Condition morals Natural morals is another sub-order of theory that manages the moral issues encompassing ecological assurance. It expects to give moral support and good inspiration for the reason for worldwide ecological security. It is otherwise called the investigation of morals with regards to the regular world, on both individual and cultural levels; the piece of morals which manages human decisions about nature. It doesn't concerns just curtailing contamination, decrease waste, and sparing jeopardized species, it goes past that (Alder Wilkinson 1999). Condition morals starts where the morals of worry for creatures turns into an issue. It worried about the rights and wrong of how human treat the nonhuman and a quality domain. Along these lines it thought about normal as well as urban condition: how human are being influenced truly, intellectually and profoundly by the plan and materials of the structure where they live and work, the format of urban communities, arrangement of open administrations, etc (Alder Wilkinson 1999). Assortments of Environment Ethics Condition morals was essentially partitioned into two fundamental school of musings: human-centric viewpoint and non-human-centric point of view. Human-centric scholars depend on customary qualities dependent on human prosperity or human rights while non-human-centric scholars guarantee that common articles have esteem independent of human concerns (natural worth). It additionally can be recognize approaches: individual and aggregate methodology. Singular methodology (biocentric) accept that all species have intrinsic worth, and that people are not prevalent in a good or ethicalã‚â sense while aggregate methodology (ecocentric) values gatherings, for example, species or environments and treats the person as ethically significant just corresponding to the gathering (Alder Wilkinson 1999). There are alternate points of view of anthropocentrism. There are conventional, edified and expanded anthropocentrism. Conventional anthropocentrism during 1800s abranch of consequentialist (Gilbert Pinchot and James Watt) hypothesis, human centeredness. This point of view center around natural utilization. For instance, Aristotles saying: Everything in nature satisfies a reason and that extreme motivation behind nature is the fulfillment of human needs. (Benson 2000) Illuminated anthropocentrism point of view occurred later in 1950s to 1960s. It showed the individuals to be cautious on utilizing the assets (preservation steps). It was a part of deontology and uprightness morals. They accept that we are a piece of the nature and that to our greatest advantage we should regard nature for its reality and a resource.The third point of view, broadened anthropocentrism surfaced in late 1970s. This worries progressively about people in the future where individuals have begun to anticipate economical turn of events. It is a part of deontology and excellence hypothesis (VanDerVeer Pierce 2004). Non-human-centric contends that regular articles have esteem regardless of human concerns (natural worth). Topics incorporate creature government assistance, biocentric morals (regard for nature/veneration forever) and stylish methodology (nature as craftsmanship). Ecocentric point of view esteem the frameworks overall (for instance, species that structure a natural life line or biological systems or the entire biotic network). It sees every single living thing as a major aspect of frameworks. Land morals: changes the job of Homo Sapiens from champion of the land-network to plain part and resident of it. It infers regard for his individual individuals, and furthermore regard for the [land-] network in that capacity. It was established by Aldo Leopold to advance the premise of natural protection. Te by and large prosperity of the biological system is the proportion of what is correct or wrong. Profound scientist, Arne Naess, has attempted to incorporate the human-centric and ecocentric and re-orientate how we see nature and to develop a psychological condition of being in agreement with nature (carry on with an earth inviting way of life). Naess accepted that we ought to develop direct, hands-on sexy, encounters of characteristic items (Benson 2000). Monkeywrenching Monkeywrenching, eco-damage (ecotage), ecodefense, eco-fear based oppression convey a similar importance: they are illicit demonstrations of treachery related with environmentalism. It is supposed to concentrate on making genuine monetary harm that will make transitory or lasting stop exercises that are viewed as undesirable. Despite the fact that the activists may have confidence in various moral codes, the action is legitimately related with the natural development. The term monkeywrenching originates from Edward Abbeys epic, The Monkey Wrench Gang that was distributed in 1975. The epic recounts to an account of individuals doing effort of eco-harm in the south-western United States. They put a match to announcements, debilitate development gear, and pull up review stakes (VanDerVeer Pierce 2004). Monkeywrenching happens long back in time. From a novel to manual, monkeywrenching act has figured out how to advance toward late world. The epic (The Monkey Wrench Gang) was distributed in 1975 composed by Edward Abbey (author and writer) and manual (Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching) distributed by Dave Foreman (US preservationist and fellow benefactor of the radical natural development, Earth First!) were and as yet being utilized sooner or later as references to torque. The demonstration may happens delicately or extremely risky. The gathering may attempt to either for all time or incidentally harm the apparatuses and supplies. Along these lines monkeywrenching can either make the advancement stop or purchase time to arrange and talk about the issue. Specialists allude this gathering of individuals as eco-psychological warfare (to intentionally relate their doing with fear mongers) and true to form numerous tree huggers, firmly can't help contradicting this utilization. They like to recognize eco-damage (an attack on lifeless things) and fear mongering (an ambush on individuals or living things). The tree hugger David Brower, for example, has contended that the genuine fear mongers are the individuals who dirty and pillage the earth, not the individuals who try to ensure it. Monkeywrenching with respect to Environment Ethics Numerous consequentialists are utilitarians. They accept that a moral demonstration is one which builds utility or delight, satisfaction or nonappearance of agony. In spite of being vicious or wild for instance, that monkeywrenching is adequate as long as it give wanted results and misfortune nothing at long last. For instance, a consequentialist could guarantee that his/her activity of lighting a fire in the timberland (which is extremely hazardous) is directly since he/she figured out how to shield the lumberjack from coming into the backwoods. Deontology, then again, is the view that specific kinds of represent (model taking steps to hurt the honest people) are ethically illegal in any event, when the presentation of those demonstrations would achieve the best results. Deontologists characterize profound quality regarding rights and obligations. Monkeywrenching may be acknowledged relying upon the pioneer or the main standard. For instance, the Earth First!ers emphatically accept that monkeywrenching will assist them with keeping nature spare and have a pioneer with high information on it. Ethicalness hypothesis center around the demonstration of an idealistic individual and not what sorts of act are correct. A prudent individual may believe that monkeywrenching is moral without taking a gander at its results whether its positive or negative. However, when the result become the fundamental concern, that individual would not get include it. Ecofeminism is one case of prudence morals. Ecofeminism exists as its specialists brought up that the control of male character in securing the earth causing the stylish estimation of the nature getting less valued. Anthropocentrism concerned the human interests above everything else. The demonstration of monkeywrenching (or the demonstration of treachery of ensuring nature) most presumably being seen as an exercise in futility and assets since it doesn't give any immediate advantage to human. All encompassing methodology accepts that something is more noteworthy (and increasingly significant) as the entire tha

5 Factors EMBA Adcoms Want to See in Applicants

This is the fifth  post in our Ace the EMBA series on how to apply successfully to a top executive MBA program.   After you decide which programs you’ll apply to, you’re ready to start the hands-on application work.  As you update your resume, plan your essays and choose recommenders, keep in mind several â€Å"qualifying† factors that EMBA admissions committees want to see in applicants they consider for acceptance. These factors will put you in the running for consideration; they’ll make you a viable candidate. Throughout the application, but primarily through the essay(s), address these key questions: 1. Are your goals credible, and do they contain the right blend of feasibility and ambition? Appropriate goals will place you within senior management, since presumably you are already at mid-management level or higher (or a comparable position) if you work for a company.  If you are a business owner, your goals should clarify not only your plans for the business, but also the specific role(s) you intend to undertake – i.e., your own professional growth path.  In addition, the adcoms want to be assured that the graduates will be a credit to the program! All EMBA applications require a goals essay or a similar Statement of Purpose/Intent.  Be prepared to discuss your immediate/short-term, intermediate, and long-term goals. Not all goals essays ask for this breakdown, but many do – and even if a question doesn’t ask for it, it will hardly hurt to present such a progression, for context. 2. Do you have the knowledge and skills to succeed in the EMBA academic program? Even if your goals are credible and appropriate, you will need a fundamental familiarity with business operations plus quantitative skills to handle the coursework. Undergrad and/or grad transcripts will cover the quant aspect. But EMBA applicants who come from non-business sectors – education, government, clinical medicine, and nonprofit are not uncommon – you have a higher burden to (a) show that you need business training, specifically, to address your goals and (b) that you understand the core purpose and content of graduate level business education.   You can ask your recommenders to address this point and you can work it into your essays. For those lacking quant coursework, you can take a reputable online or community college course and/or take the GMAT and score 80% or above in the quant portion. 3. Will you contribute to the program (professionally and/or personally, during and after)? This is a three-pronged point: (A) Does the quality of your experience make it a potentially rich and valuable resource to draw from?   (B) Do you have something to say – do you draw insight and meaning from that experience? (C) Do you share – are you a team player/collaborator? EMBA programs are learning communities, and thus require willing contribution from all parties.  While your recommendations can and should shed light on this point, your essays will be the primary vehicle to communicate your prospective contributions both as a student and as an alumnus/a. 4. Do you have the right level and amount of experience to fit the program (both its student body and its coursework)? As we indicated in earlier posts, EMBA programs and their various sub-programs/options are looking for specific amounts and levels of experience. And these two items – amount and level – are inter-related. In the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"classic† EMBA candidate, the â€Å"level† will be achieved in a certain amount of years, during which the candidate progresses at a quick if not necessarily breakneck pace. You may have achieved the desired level with fewer years of experience, or you may have taken longer to achieve the desired level. Of these two deviations, the former is preferable to adcoms generally, because it indicates a high achiever.  However, someone in the latter situation may well have good reasons for the slower pace – family matters, previous career transition, industry volatility, etc. Again, the burden is on the applicant to clarify such situations, and not to give the impression that you’re less than a high achiever. Often, entrepreneurs seek the EMBA education when their business is poised for a growth spurt that will involve greater organizational and financial complexity than they’re prepared to handle with ingenuity alone. 5. Do you understand the demands of studying while working, and do you have a workable plan for fitting the EMBA studies into your life? Some EMBA applications have an essay question specifically on this point.  The last thing the adcoms want is for someone to leave the program before completion, or to get by academically without being a full participant in the learning community.  And it’s very easy to underestimate the demands of studying and contributing while maintaining one’s professional and personal responsibilities.  Whether in an essay or during the interview, demonstrate your time management skills and show that you have juggled multiple responsibilities effectively. With these qualifying factors covered, the next post will explore how to go from â€Å"qualified† to â€Å"accepted† by differentiating and distinguishing yourself as an applicant. Do you need help applying to your target EMBA programs efficiently and successfully? Work one-on-one with an EMBA admissions expert for comprehensive application assistance. Its time to get you ACCEPTED!  View our EMBA services here. Cindy Tokumitsu has advised hundreds of successful applicants, helping them gain acceptance to top MBA and EMBA programs in her 20 years with Accepted. She would love to help you too. Want Cindy to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Top Executive MBA Program Essay Questions: How to Answer Them Right, a free guide †¢Ã‚  School-Specific EMBA Application Essay Tips †¢ Executive MBA Essays: How to Make an Impact

The Influence of Supply and Demand on Inflation

Inflation is an increase in the price of a basket of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. In other words, inflation is an upward movement in the average level of prices, as defined in Economics by Parkin and Bade. Its opposite is deflation, a downward movement in the average level of prices. The boundary between inflation and deflation is price stability. The Link Between Inflation and Money An old adage holds that inflation is too many dollars chasing too few goods. Because inflation is a rise in the general level of prices, it is intrinsically linked to  money.   To understand how inflation works, imagine a world that only has two  commodities: oranges picked from orange trees and paper money printed by the government. In a drought year when oranges are scarce, one would expect to see the price of oranges rise, because quite a few dollars would be chasing very few oranges. Conversely, if there was a record orange crop, one would expect to see the price of oranges fall because orange sellers would need to reduce their prices in order to clear their inventory. These scenarios represent inflation and deflation, respectively. However, in the real world, inflation and deflation are changes in the average price of all goods and services, not just one. Altering the Money Supply Inflation and deflation can also result when the amount of  money in the system  changes. If the government decides to print a lot of money, then dollars will become plentiful relative to oranges, as in the earlier drought example.   Thus, inflation is caused by the number of dollars rising relative to the number of oranges (goods and services). Similarly, deflation is caused by the number of dollars falling relative to the number of ​oranges (goods and services). Therefore, inflation is caused by a combination of four factors: the supply of money goes up, the supply of other goods goes down, demand for money goes down and demand for other goods goes up. These four factors are thus linked to the basics of supply and demand. Different Types of Inflation Now that we have covered the basics of inflation, it is important to note that there are many types of inflation. These types of inflation are differentiated from each other by the cause that drives the price increase. To give you a taste, lets briefly go over ​cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation.   Cost-push inflation is a result of a decrease in aggregate supply. Aggregate supply is the supply of goods, and a decrease in aggregate supply is mainly caused by an increase in wage rate or an increase in the price of raw materials. Essentially,  prices for consumers are pushed up  by increases in the cost of production. Demand-pull inflation occurs when there is an increase in aggregate demand. Simply put, consider how when demand increases, prices are pulled higher.

Child Labor Industrialization Essay - 1537 Words

â€Å"I believe in the children of the future,† are lyrics of The Greatest Love of All, made famous in 1977 and 1985 by George Benson and Whitney Houston respectively. They believed in the value of children in our society and that they should be protected. However, those people believed in a child s capacity to change the world in the future. While people in the past saw children as a way to change the world while they were children. In the late seventeenth century, industrialization arose in England ushering in a new era of industry in our world. More industry means more workers, including children. With the rise of industrialization in a nation, child laborers are viciously abused due to their niche roles in production and their families†¦show more content†¦The laborers in the mines are being completely victimized in order to make money, clearly demonstrated by Disraeli’s words. Child labor abuse was not exclusive to coal mines however. The other large par t of English child labor was inside of textile factories. Michael Sadler, chairman of the UK parliamentary committee looking to pass a bill to limit child labor in Britain, interviewed factory workers to showcase what happened inside the factories to the British Parliament, in hopes of laws being passed to stop this. In The Sadler Report, he interviews Mr. Matthew Crabtree. Crabtree describes the brutality of his working environment where he was a blanket maker. According the interview, he started working in the factory at age eight, and at that point he would work from â€Å" six in the morning to eight at night,† with one break for lunch at noon. When the factory was busier, he would work sixteen hours. Due to the extreme hours, Crabtree reports extreme exhaustion, and loss of appetite. On top of being kept extremely unhealthy, punishments were doled out often. Crabtree reports that a regular occurrence at the end of the day would be the factory administrators would beat th e fatigued children who were too tired to keep up with production. He himself describes being beaten with at piece of the machinery called a â€Å"billy,† saying, â€Å"I had been struck[...] so much so as to knock me down.† Sometimes, he saw other children s head’s be openedShow MoreRelatedThe First Edition Of The Mcguffey Readers By William Holmes Mcguffey1692 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues and expectations of a society built upon a Christian base on the brink of industrialization. Societal relationships were built upon concepts taught in the Readers. The events of industrialization, and immigration will challenge these guidelines and contain interesting results for the use of the Readers morals within society. 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Philippine Lit Essay Example For Students

Philippine Lit Essay Philippine Literature Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included . . . and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened. The Pre-Spanish Period Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Whatever record our ancestors left were either burned by the Spanish friars in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders which could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made to preserve them. Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved existence of a native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos. The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of our people. Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS. B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time mentioned in the said epics. Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like the following epics. a. Bidasari-Moro epic b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic c. Maragtas-Visayan epic d. Haraya-Visayan epic e. Lagda-Visayan epic f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic i. â€Å"Dagoy† at â€Å"Sudsod†-Tagbanua epic j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic k. Indarapatra at Sulayman l. Bantugan m. Daramoke-A-Babay – Moro epic in â€Å"Darangan† D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Here are the examples: a. Kundiman b. Kumintang o Tagumpay c. Ang Dalit o Imno d. Ang Oyayi o Hele e. Diana f. Soliraning g. Talindaw OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings 1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young. 2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables. 3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witchcraft or enchantment. 4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same number of syllables. 5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. 6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings) The Spanish Period (1565-1898) It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had been established. A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on our literature. 1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. 3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its words to our language. 4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros. 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects. 6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan 7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. B. THE FIRST BOOKS 1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old original copies of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs $5,000. 0. 2. Nuestra Senora del Rosario. The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion. 3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first book printed in typography. 4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia. 5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most popular. 6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior. 7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially during the Maytime â€Å"Flores de Mayo† festival. C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS 1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language). Written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610. 2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language). Written by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in 1703. 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog dictionary written by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613. 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary). The first book in Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 1732. 5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language book in Visayan by Mateo Sanchez in 1711. 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language). The first Ilocano grammar book by Francisco Lopez. 7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language). The first book in the Bicol language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754. D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung Singsing. E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form. Here are examples: 1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died. 2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes, mothers volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an illness or for a favor received. In some parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the objective is the same – praise, respect and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the mound she had dug in. 3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada. In the Hablada the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is more dignified in theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion. The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza. The full length versions take about 3 nights of staging. Performers come in costumes with wigs and performers are carefully chosen for their virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ and another the role of the Virgin Mary. Many famous Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog regions although there are also those from Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol and both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon. 4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus. 5. Voting Rights for African Americans EssayThe pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans. He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100 speeches which were published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in Manila Filatica and which are still read up to no by modern Filipinos. Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained the acquaintance of the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron. From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association Hispano de Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena successfully showed the Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman can introduce changes in law and reforms towards a better life and progress. Jaena, although he didn’t become a professor, was also a teacher in a sense to his friends and relatives in the Philippines. Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tomas G. del Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he stood for the separation of church and state for free education, better government and schools, freedom of worship and for an independent and free university. He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over who should head the Association Hispano de Filipinas in Madrid. He returned to the Philippines to ask for donations to continue a new government called El Latigo Nacional or Pambansang Latigo. He sold the rights of La Solidaridad ot del Pilar who had become a lawyer and had brought in money from his sojourn in Spain. Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20, 1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December 30, 1896. A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena 1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. 2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard. 3. SA MGA PILIPINO 1891†¦ A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos to become free and progressive. 4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39th anniversary of the discovery of America   5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos. . EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos under the Spaniards. 7. AMOR A ESPANA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos). The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers were the governors-general of the place. 8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines). Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be laws on robbery and other reforms. 9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines). The triumphant exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to the Philippines. 10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines) 11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Jaena refers here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887. B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS ANTONIO LUNA Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to Aguinaldo. Some of his works are: 1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life. 2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the Spaniards where the people were very crowded. 3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish. 4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes for stamps. 5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s House). Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child. MARIANO PONCE Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pennames. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen. Among his writings were:   1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains legends, and folklores of his native town. 2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan. 3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos) 4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)   PEDRO PATERNO Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization. The following were a few of his wrtings: 1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino. 2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a mother especially in the home. 3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A collection of his poems. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname JORMAPA. He was also known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of movements for the country. Some of his writings were: 1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land) 2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life) 3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan) 4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking) C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898) The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the Philippines. Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal’s banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt. The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence. D. Highlights of the Active Revolution The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country. ANDRES BONIFACIO Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but more than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of experience. He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao. Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also became part of our literature. Among his works were: 1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should Know) 2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 commandments of God. 3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s Native Land). A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar. 4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog. EMILIO JACINTO Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan (Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the Kartilya in deference to Jacinto’s work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the one followed by the members of the organization. Here are few of his writings: 1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan) 2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country. 3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother. 4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece. APOLINARIO MABINI Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution. He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because he was born of a poor family he had to work in order to study. He became known to his professors and classmates at Letran and the UST because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he used to wear throughout his schooling. He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his Republic in Malolos. His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics. Here are some of his works: 1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism. 2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) 3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation) 4. PAHAYAG (News) OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS JOSE PALMA Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe. He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma became the president of the UP. He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution. Aside from the National Anthem, here are his other works: 1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems. 2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one’s longings for his sweetheart. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They were: 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Revolutiary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine Independence. 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898. 4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta.